Od otwartości do rosnącego protekcjonizmu: czynniki wpływające na zmianę podejścia UE do chińskich inwestycji bezpośrednich na rynku europejskim

2026, 2026, Numer 1


Data publikacji

28.04.2026

Data otrzymania

07.12.2025

Model publikowania

open access

Rodzaj licencji


Dziedzina

Dziedzina nauk społecznych

Dyscyplina

ekonomia i finanse, nauki o komunikacji społecznej i mediach, nauki o polityce i administracji, nauki o zarządzaniu i jakości, nauki prawne, nauki socjologiczne, stosunki międzynarodowe

Język publikacji

Angielski

Pliki do pobrania

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Artykuł

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Abstrakt

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wyjaśnienie czynników leżących u podstaw zmiany podejścia Unii Europejskiej (UE) do chińskich inwestycji bezpośrednich na rynku europejskim w latach 2000–2024. Przyjęta hipoteza badawcza zakłada, że głównym czynnikiem zmiany podejścia UE do chińskich inwestycji bezpośrednich napływających na rynek europejski – od otwartości do zwiększajacego się protekcjonizmu – jest obawa przed negatywnymi skutkami nadmiernych wpływów politycznych Chin i zależności od tego kraju, które traktowane są jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa i konkurencyjności UE. Przyjęto metodę badawczą opisową opartą na analizie i krytyce piśmiennictwa naukowego, dokumentów, aktów prawnych, raportów, danych statystycznych. Analiza wykazała, że w badanym okresie (2000–2024) wzrosła wartość kapitału w formie ZIB zainwestowanego przez chińskie przedsiębiorstwa na rynku europejskim, chociaż roczne napływy tych inwestycji i ich struktura uległy znacznym zmianom. Wynikało to z różnych przyczyn, wśród których jedną z najważniejszych była zmiana podejścia UE do napływających zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich z Chin. Zaczęto postrzegać je w kategoriach zagrożenia dla przemysłu europejskiego i bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Obawy o potencjalne negatywne skutki nadmiernych politycznych wpływów Chin na gospodarkę europejską i zależności od tego kraju spowodowały, że początkowa otwartość UE na chińskie inwestycje bezpośrednie ustąpiła miejsce rosnącemu protekcjonizmowi. Systematycznie wprowadzane zróżnicowane instrumenty instytucjonalno-prawne w celu ochrony Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego będą się zwiększać w aspekcie dążeń UE do wzmocnienia strategicznej niezależności, bezpieczeństwa, odporności i konkurencyjności. Istotne jest, aby odpowiednio wyważyć stosowane instrumenty ochrony rynku. Zbyt restrykcyjne mogą prowadzić do odpływu kapitału zagranicznego, w tym chińskiego z gospodarki europejskiej, a nie jest to w interesie UE.

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